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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kaz29</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Казахстанско-Британского технического университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Herald of the Kazakh-British Technical University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-6688</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2959-8109</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Казахстанско-Британский Технический Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55452/1998-6688-2026-23-3-204-217</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kaz29-3186</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COMPUTER SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РАННЕЕ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ ВНУТРИБОЛЬНИЧНОЙ ЛЕТАЛЬНОСТИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ИНТЕРПРЕТИРУЕМЫХ И КАЛИБРОВАННЫХ АНСАМБЛЕВЫХ МОДЕЛЕЙ МАШИННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>EARLY PREDICTION OF IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY USING INTERPRETABLE AND CALIBRATED ENSEMBLE MACHINE LEARNING MODELS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8580-7731</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куничик</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kunichik</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Докторант</p><p>Костанай</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student</p><p>Kostanay</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kunichikval@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8681-4552</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салыкова</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>'Salykova</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>К.т.н., ассоциированный профессор</p><p>Костанай</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand.Tech.Sc., Associate Professor</p><p>Kostanay</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">solga0603@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Костанайский региональный университет им. Ахмета Байтурсынулы</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>’Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>204</fpage><lpage>217</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Куничик В.Г., Салыкова О.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Куничик В.Г., Салыкова О.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kunichik V.G., 'Salykova O.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.kbtu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/3186">https://vestnik.kbtu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/3186</self-uri><abstract><p>Раннее выявление пациентов с высоким риском внутрибольничной летальности остается одной из клю­чевых задач клинической практики, особенно в условиях вспышек инфекционных заболеваний, таких как COVID-19, когда решения должны приниматься уже на этапе госпитализации при ограниченном объеме доступной информации. Несмотря на широкое применение методов машинного обучения для прогнозиро­вания летальности, многие существующие модели разрабатываются и оцениваются в условиях, снижающих их применимость для ранней клинической триаж-оценки, включая недостаточное внимание к надежности вероятностных прогнозов, временной обобщаемости и ориентированной на принятие решений оценке. В ра­боте рассматривается задача раннего прогнозирования риска летального исхода на основе рутинно доступ­ных клинических данных, собираемых при поступлении пациента в стационар. Разрабатывается ансамбль моделей градиентного бустинга, анализируемый в условиях строгого временного разделения обучающей и тестовой выборок, что отражает реалистичные сценарии практического внедрения. Особый акцент сде­лан на надежности прогнозируемых вероятностей: для улучшения согласованности между предсказанными рисками и наблюдаемыми исходами применяется пост-хок изотоническая калибровка. Качество моделей оценивается с использованием совокупности дискриминационных и калибровочных метрик, а клиническая значимость анализируется с помощью анализа кривых принятия решений в диапазоне практически значи­мых порогов. Оценка на независимой временно отложенной тестовой выборке показывает, что ансамблевая агрегация повышает устойчивость оценок риска, а калибровка обеспечивает более согласованное пороговое поведение без изменения ранжирующей способности моделей. Анализ кривых принятия решений демон­стрирует преимущество откалиброванных прогнозов по чистому выигрышу в широком диапазоне порогов раннего клинического триажа. Полученные результаты подчеркивают, что надежность вероятностных оце­нок играет ключевую роль наряду с дискриминационной способностью моделей. Предложенный подход представляет собой методологически обоснованное решение для ранней оценки риска внутрибольничной летальности в условиях реальной клинической практики и временной нестабильности данных.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Early identification of patients at high risk of in-hospital mortality is a persistent challenge in clinical practice, particularly during infectious disease outbreaks such as COVID-19, when decisions must be made at the time of hospital admission using incomplete information. Although machine learning methods have been widely applied to mortality prediction, many existing models are developed and assessed under conditions that limit their usefulness for early triage, including insufficient attention to probability reliability, temporal generalization, and decisionoriented assessment. This work examines early-stage mortality risk prediction using routinely available clinical data collected at the time of hospital admission. An ensemble of gradient boosting models is developed and analyzed under strict temporal separation to reflect real-world deployment conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the reliability of predicted probabilities, with post-hoc isotonic calibration applied to improve alignment between predicted risks and observed outcomes. Model performance is assessed using complementary discrimination and calibration metrics, while clinical relevance is examined through decision curve analysis across plausible operating thresholds. Evaluation on an independent, temporally held-out test set shows that ensemble aggregation improves the stability of risk estimates, while calibration yields more consistent threshold-based behavior without altering ranking performance. Decision curve analysis indicates that calibrated predictions provide higher net benefit than default decision strategies across a broad range of early triage thresholds. These findings highlight that, in early clinical decision-making, probability reliability plays a critical role alongside discrimination. The presented framework offers a methodologically robust approach to early in-hospital mortality risk assessment under realistic clinical and temporal constraints.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>внутрибольничная летальность</kwd><kwd>ранний клинический триаж</kwd><kwd>ансамблевые модели</kwd><kwd>калибровка вероятностей</kwd><kwd>анализ кривых принятия решений</kwd><kwd>поддержка клинических решений.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>in-hospital mortality</kwd><kwd>early clinical triage</kwd><kwd>ensemble models</kwd><kwd>probability calibration</kwd><kwd>decision curve analysis</kwd><kwd>clinical decision support</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Nafjan, A., Aljuhani, A., Alshebel, A., Alharbi, A., Alshehri, A. 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