kaz29Вестник Казахстанско-Британского технического университетаHerald of the Kazakh-British Technical University1998-66882959-8109Казахстанско-Британский Технический Университет10.55452/1998-6688-2026-23-2-464-480kaz29-2926Research ArticleНЕФТЕГАЗОВАЯ ИНЖЕНЕРИЯ И ГЕОЛОГИЯOIL AND GAS ENGINEERING, GEOLOGYГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И МИНЕРАЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ФАКТОРЫ КОНТРОЛЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ СКАРНОВ В СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОМ ПРИБАЛХАШЬЕ (ЦЕНТРАЛЬНЫЙ КАЗАХСТАН)GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CONTROLS ON IRON SKARN FORMATION IN THE NORTHWESTERN BALKHASH REGION (CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN)https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3917-2707НыгмановаА. С.NygmanovaA. S.

Магистр, ст. преподаватель.

Алматы

MSc, Senior-lecturer.

Almaty

a.emls@kbtu.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1562-759XКоробкинВ. В.KorobkinV. V.

кандидат геолого-минералогических наук, профессор.

Алматы

Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor.

Almaty

korobkin_vv@kbtu.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0606-2264БусловМ. М.BuslovM. M.

Доктор геолого-минералогических наук, профессор.

Новосибирск

Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor.

Novosibirsk

buslov@igm.nsc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-6599ЧакликовА. Е.ChaklikovA. Ye.

PhD, ассистент-профессор.

Алматы

PhD, Assistant Professor.

Almaty

a.chaklikov@kbtu.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-4535ТулемисоваЖ. С.TulemissovaZh. S.

PhD, ассоциированный профессор.

Алматы

PhD, Associate Profes

sor.

z.tulemissova@kbtu.kzhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-6492-4215КойшибаевС. М.KoishibayevS. M.

Магистрант, консультант геолог.

Алматы

Master student, Consultant geologist.

Almaty

skoishibayev@srk.kzКазахстанско-Британский технический университетКазахстанKazakh-British Technical UniversityKazakhstanИнститут геологии и минералогии им. В.С. Соболева СО РАН, Новосибирский государственный университетКазахстанSobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk State UniversityKazakhstanКазахстанско-Британский технический университет; SRK ConsultingКазахстанKazakh-British Technical University; SRK ConsultingKazakhstan202627062026232464480Copyright © Ныгманова А.С., Коробкин В.В., Буслов М.М., Чакликов А.Е., Тулемисова Ж.С., Койшибаев С.М., 20262026Ныгманова А.С., Коробкин В.В., Буслов М.М., Чакликов А.Е., Тулемисова Ж.С., Койшибаев С.М.Nygmanova A.S., Korobkin V.V., Buslov M.M., Chaklikov A.Y., Tulemissova Z.S., Koishibayev S.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestnik.kbtu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/2926

Комплексное исследование позволило выявить основные геологические и минералогические факторы, контролирующие формирование железных скарновых месторождений Северо-Западного Прибалхашья на примере репрезентативных объектов, таких как Жуантобе и Караулкен. Интегрированный анализ данных геологического картирования, минералогических и петрографических наблюдений, геохимических исследований и геофизических интерпретаций показывает, что формирование скарнов представляет собой многостадийную контактно-метасоматическую систему, контролируемую магматическими, структурными и флюидными факторами. Установлены закономерности распределения минеральных ассоциаций и текстурно-структурных типов руд, отражающие изменения флюидных режимов и физико-химических условий рудообразования. Полученные результаты уточняют региональную генетическую модель формирования железных скарнов Северо-Западного Прибалхашья и могут быть использованы для прогноза и оценки перспектив новых рудных объектов.

A comprehensive study has identified the principal geological and mineralogical controls governing the formation of iron skarn deposits in the Northwestern Balkhash region, based on representative deposits such as Zhuantobe and Karaulken. Integrated analysis of geological mapping, mineralogical and petrographic observations, geochemical data, and geophysical interpretations demonstrates that skarn formation represents a multistage contact-metasomatic system controlled by magmatic, structural, and fluid-related factors. Systematic patterns in the distribution of mineral assemblages and ore textural-structural types have been established, reflecting variations in fluid regimes and physicochemical conditions of ore formation. The obtained results refine the regional genetic model of iron skarn formation in the Northwestern Balkhash region and can be applied to the prediction and evaluation of the exploration potential of new ore targets.

скарновые месторождениямагнетитовые рудыконтактный метасоматозминералогиягеофизические аномалииСеверо-Западное Прибалхашьеskarn depositsmagnetite orescontact metasomatismmineralogygeophysical anomaliesNorthwestern Balkhash regionReferencesSatpayev, K.I. Main patterns of spatial distribution of endogenous mineralization zones in Central Kazakhstan. Soviet Geology, 58, 93–109 (1957). (in Russian).Satpayev, K.I. Main patterns of spatial distribution of endogenous mineralization zones in Central Kazakhstan. Soviet Geology, 58, 93–109 (1957). (in Russian).Novokhatsky, I.P. Genetic types of iron ore deposits in Central Kazakhstan. In: Iron Ore Deposits of Central Kazakhstan and Ways of Their Use (Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1960). (in Russian).Novokhatsky, I.P. Genetic types of iron ore deposits in Central Kazakhstan. In: Iron Ore Deposits of Central Kazakhstan and Ways of Their Use (Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1960). (in Russian).Satpayev, K.I. Selected Works. Problems of Metallogeny and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan, Vol. 3 (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1968), 312 p. (in Russian).Satpayev, K.I. Selected Works. Problems of Metallogeny and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan, Vol. 3 (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1968), 312 p. (in Russian).Shcherba, G.N. Atasu type deposits in Kazakhstan. Endogenous Ore Deposits, pp. 185–196 (1968). (in Russian).Shcherba, G.N. Atasu type deposits in Kazakhstan. Endogenous Ore Deposits, pp. 185–196 (1968). (in Russian).Bogdanov, A.A. Tectonic zoning of the Paleozoides of Central Kazakhstan and Tien Shan. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists, 40, 8–42 (1965). (in Russian).Bogdanov, A.A. Tectonic zoning of the Paleozoides of Central Kazakhstan and Tien Shan. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists, 40, 8–42 (1965). (in Russian).Bespalov, V.F. Tectonic Map of the Kazakh SSR and Adjacent Territories of the Union Republics at a Scale of 1:1,500,000. Explanatory Note (Alma-Ata, 1975), 160 p. (in Russian).Bespalov, V.F. Tectonic Map of the Kazakh SSR and Adjacent Territories of the Union Republics at a Scale of 1:1,500,000. Explanatory Note (Alma-Ata, 1975), 160 p. (in Russian).Dymkin, A.M. Contact-Metasomatic Iron Deposits of the Southern Part of the Main Ore Belt of Turgay (Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962), 239 p. (in Russian).Dymkin, A.M. Contact-Metasomatic Iron Deposits of the Southern Part of the Main Ore Belt of Turgay (Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962), 239 p. (in Russian).Esenov, Sh.E., Lyapichev, G.F., Sidorenko, A.V., and Shlygin, E.D. Geology of the USSR. Vol. XX. Central Kazakhstan. Geological Description. Book 1 (Moscow: Nedra, 1972), 532 p. (in Russian).Esenov, Sh.E., Lyapichev, G.F., Sidorenko, A.V., and Shlygin, E.D. Geology of the USSR. Vol. XX. Central Kazakhstan. Geological Description. Book 1 (Moscow: Nedra, 1972), 532 p. (in Russian).Zaicev, Yu.A. Geology of the USSR. Vol. XX. Central Kazakhstan. Minerals (Moscow: Nedra, 1979), 541 p. (in Russian).Zaicev, Yu.A. Geology of the USSR. Vol. XX. Central Kazakhstan. Minerals (Moscow: Nedra, 1979), 541 p. (in Russian).Abdulin, A.A. Geology and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan (Almaty: Gylym, 1994), 394 p. (in Russian).Abdulin, A.A. Geology and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan (Almaty: Gylym, 1994), 394 p. (in Russian).Zholtayev, G.Zh., Zhukov, N.M., and Antonenko, A.A. Atlas of Solid Mineral Deposits of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty: K.I. Satpayev Institute of Geological Sciences, 2024), 263 p. (in Russian).Zholtayev, G.Zh., Zhukov, N.M., and Antonenko, A.A. Atlas of Solid Mineral Deposits of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty: K.I. Satpayev Institute of Geological Sciences, 2024), 263 p. (in Russian).Bekzhanov, G.R., Koshkin, V.Y., and Nikitchenko, I.I. Geological Structure of Kazakhstan (Almaty: AMR of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2000), 396 p. (in Russian).Bekzhanov, G.R., Koshkin, V.Y., and Nikitchenko, I.I. Geological Structure of Kazakhstan (Almaty: AMR of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2000), 396 p. (in Russian).Bekmukhametov, A.E. Magmatogenic Iron Ore Formations (Moscow: Nedra, 1987), 212 p. (in Russian).Bekmukhametov, A.E. Magmatogenic Iron Ore Formations (Moscow: Nedra, 1987), 212 p. (in Russian).Kubeeva, L.V., Zyabkin, V.F., Yugay, V.D., Baimuldina, N.N., and Muzgina, V.S. Geoecological studies during the development of the Bapy iron ore deposit in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Subsoil Use in the 21st Century, 1, 81–83 (2010). (in Russian).Kubeeva, L.V., Zyabkin, V.F., Yugay, V.D., Baimuldina, N.N., and Muzgina, V.S. Geoecological studies during the development of the Bapy iron ore deposit in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Subsoil Use in the 21st Century, 1, 81–83 (2010). (in Russian).Bekmukhametov, A.E., Pankratova, N.L., and Kryukov, A.S. Iron Ore Formations. Chu-Ili Belt. Minerals (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1980). (in Russian).Bekmukhametov, A.E., Pankratova, N.L., and Kryukov, A.S. Iron Ore Formations. Chu-Ili Belt. Minerals (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1980). (in Russian).Zhukov, N.M., Akylbekov, S.A., Antonenko, A.A., and Amanbayev, R. Iron Deposits of Kazakhstan: A Handbook (Almaty, 2016), 258 p. (in Russian).Zhukov, N.M., Akylbekov, S.A., Antonenko, A.A., and Amanbayev, R. Iron Deposits of Kazakhstan: A Handbook (Almaty, 2016), 258 p. (in Russian).Daukeev, S.Zh., Uzhkenov, B.S., Abdulin, A.A., Bespaev, Kh.A., Votsalevsky, E.S., Lyubetsky, V.N., Mazurov, A.K., and Miroshnichenko, L.A. Deep Structure and Geodynamics. In: Deep Structure and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan, Vol. 1 (Almaty: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2002), 224 p. (in Russian).Daukeev, S.Zh., Uzhkenov, B.S., Abdulin, A.A., Bespaev, Kh.A., Votsalevsky, E.S., Lyubetsky, V.N., Mazurov, A.K., and Miroshnichenko, L.A. Deep Structure and Geodynamics. In: Deep Structure and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan, Vol. 1 (Almaty: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2002), 224 p. (in Russian).Daukeev, S.Zh., Uzhkenov, B.S., Abdulin, A.A., Miroshnichenko, L.A., Zhukov, N.M., Mazurov, A.K., Bespaev, Kh.A., Dolgopolov, B.M., Akylbekov, S.A., Zhautikov, T.M., and Gubaidulin, F.G. Metallogeny. In: Deep Structure and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan, Vol. 2 (Almaty: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2002), 265 p. (in Russian).Daukeev, S.Zh., Uzhkenov, B.S., Abdulin, A.A., Miroshnichenko, L.A., Zhukov, N.M., Mazurov, A.K., Bespaev, Kh.A., Dolgopolov, B.M., Akylbekov, S.A., Zhautikov, T.M., and Gubaidulin, F.G. Metallogeny. In: Deep Structure and Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan, Vol. 2 (Almaty: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2002), 265 p. (in Russian).Nikitchenko, I.I. Minerals of Kazakhstan: Explanatory Note to the Map of Minerals of Kazakhstan at a Scale of 1:1,000,000 (Kokshetau: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2002), 188 p. (in Russian).Nikitchenko, I.I. Minerals of Kazakhstan: Explanatory Note to the Map of Minerals of Kazakhstan at a Scale of 1:1,000,000 (Kokshetau: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2002), 188 p. (in Russian).Korobkin, V.V., and Buslov, M.M. Tectonics and geodynamics of the western Central Asian Fold Belt (Kazakhstan Paleozoides). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 52, 1600–1618 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2011.11.011Korobkin, V.V., and Buslov, M.M. Tectonics and geodynamics of the western Central Asian Fold Belt (Kazakhstan Paleozoides). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 52, 1600–1618 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2011.11.011Korobkin, V.V., Chaklikov, A.Y., and Tulemissova, Z.S. Tectonic zoning of Paleozoides of Kazakhstan and its oil and gas-bearing regions. Kazakhstan Journal for Oil & Gas Industry, 4(1), 39–49 (2022). https://doi.org/10.54859/kjogi107854Korobkin, V.V., Chaklikov, A.Y., and Tulemissova, Z.S. Tectonic zoning of Paleozoides of Kazakhstan and its oil and gas-bearing regions. Kazakhstan Journal for Oil & Gas Industry, 4(1), 39–49 (2022). https://doi.org/10.54859/kjogi107854Boyko, O.N., Filatova, G.V., Zyabkin, V.F., and Lim, D.K. Report on the Results of Exploration of Iron-Containing Ores in the Bapy Area in the Karaganda Region for 2015–2018 (Karaganda, 2019).Boyko, O.N., Filatova, G.V., Zyabkin, V.F., and Lim, D.K. Report on the Results of Exploration of Iron-Containing Ores in the Bapy Area in the Karaganda Region for 2015–2018 (Karaganda, 2019).Zhao, W.W., and Zhou, M.F. In-situ LA-ICP-MS trace elemental analyses of magnetite: The Mesozoic Tengtie skarn Fe deposit in the Nanling Range, South China. Ore Geology Reviews, 65(4), 867–883 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.09.019Zhao, W.W., and Zhou, M.F. In-situ LA-ICP-MS trace elemental analyses of magnetite: The Mesozoic Tengtie skarn Fe deposit in the Nanling Range, South China. Ore Geology Reviews, 65(4), 867–883 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.09.019Korobkin, V., Chaklikov, A., Tulemissova, Z., Samatov, I., and Dobrovolskaya, Y. Results of the Study of Epigenetic Changes of Famennian–Tournaisian Carbonate Rocks of the Northern Marginal Shear Zone of the Caspian Syneclise (Kazakhstan). Minerals, 13, 249 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020249Korobkin, V., Chaklikov, A., Tulemissova, Z., Samatov, I., and Dobrovolskaya, Y. Results of the Study of Epigenetic Changes of Famennian–Tournaisian Carbonate Rocks of the Northern Marginal Shear Zone of the Caspian Syneclise (Kazakhstan). Minerals, 13, 249 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020249Korobkin, V., Samatov, I., Chaklikov, A., and Tulemissova, Z. Peculiarities of Dynamics of Hypergenic Mineral Transformation of Nickel Weathering Crusts of Ultramafic Rocks of the Kempirsay Group of Deposits in Western Kazakhstan. Minerals, 12, 650 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/min12050650Korobkin, V., Samatov, I., Chaklikov, A., and Tulemissova, Z. Peculiarities of Dynamics of Hypergenic Mineral Transformation of Nickel Weathering Crusts of Ultramafic Rocks of the Kempirsay Group of Deposits in Western Kazakhstan. Minerals, 12, 650 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/min12050650Korobkin, V.V., Tulemissova, Z.S., Samatov, I.B., and Chaklikov, A.Y. Secondary calcite in carbonate reservoirs of oil fields: a method for its quantitative determination. Kazakhstan Journal for Oil & Gas Industry, 7(2), 84–95 (2025). (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.54859/kjogi108822Korobkin, V.V., Tulemissova, Z.S., Samatov, I.B., and Chaklikov, A.Y. Secondary calcite in carbonate reservoirs of oil fields: a method for its quantitative determination. Kazakhstan Journal for Oil & Gas Industry, 7(2), 84–95 (2025). (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.54859/kjogi108822Vezzoni, S., Rocchi, S., and Dini, A. Campiglia Marittima Skarn (Tuscany): A Challenging Example for the Evolution of Skarn-Forming Models. Minerals, 13, 482 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040482Vezzoni, S., Rocchi, S., and Dini, A. Campiglia Marittima Skarn (Tuscany): A Challenging Example for the Evolution of Skarn-Forming Models. Minerals, 13, 482 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/min13040482Vom Rath, G. Die Berge von Campiglia in der Toskanischen Maremme. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 20, 307–364 (1868).Vom Rath, G. Die Berge von Campiglia in der Toskanischen Maremme. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 20, 307–364 (1868).Reverdatto, V.V. Facies of Contact Metamorphism (Moscow: Nedra, 1970), 272 p. (in Russian).Reverdatto, V.V. Facies of Contact Metamorphism (Moscow: Nedra, 1970), 272 p. (in Russian).Chen, Y., Cao, Y., Liu, L., Wang, C., Yang, W., Gai, Y., Xie, T., Song, L., and Xie, F. Elucidating the Genetic Mechanism and the Ore-Forming Materials of the Kaladawan Iron Deposit in the North Altyn Tagh, Western China. Minerals, 14, 589 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14060589Chen, Y., Cao, Y., Liu, L., Wang, C., Yang, W., Gai, Y., Xie, T., Song, L., and Xie, F. Elucidating the Genetic Mechanism and the Ore-Forming Materials of the Kaladawan Iron Deposit in the North Altyn Tagh, Western China. Minerals, 14, 589 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14060589Yi, J., Shi, X., Ji, G., Zhang, L., Wang, S., and Deng, H. The Geochemical Characteristics of Trace Elements in Magnetite and Fe Isotope Geochemistry of the Makeng Iron Deposit in Southwest Fujian and Their Significance in Ore Genesis. Minerals, 14, 217 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030217Yi, J., Shi, X., Ji, G., Zhang, L., Wang, S., and Deng, H. The Geochemical Characteristics of Trace Elements in Magnetite and Fe Isotope Geochemistry of the Makeng Iron Deposit in Southwest Fujian and Their Significance in Ore Genesis. Minerals, 14, 217 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030217Feng, Q., Gao, M., Fu, C., Li, S., Li, Y., Gao, J., Ma, M., Wang, Z., Zhu, Y., Wu, B., Duan, Z., and Dang, Z. Phlogopite 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology for Guodian Skarn Fe Deposit in Qihe–Yucheng District, Luxi Block, North China Craton: A Link between Craton Destruction and Fe Mineralization. Minerals, 14, 690 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070690Feng, Q., Gao, M., Fu, C., Li, S., Li, Y., Gao, J., Ma, M., Wang, Z., Zhu, Y., Wu, B., Duan, Z., and Dang, Z. Phlogopite 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology for Guodian Skarn Fe Deposit in Qihe–Yucheng District, Luxi Block, North China Craton: A Link between Craton Destruction and Fe Mineralization. Minerals, 14, 690 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070690Li, Y., Jiang, Z., Wang, D., Zhang, Z., and Duan, S. Genesis of the Beizhan Iron Deposit in Western Tianshan, China: Insights from Trace Element and Fe–O Isotope Compositions of Magnetite. Minerals, 14, 304 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030304Li, Y., Jiang, Z., Wang, D., Zhang, Z., and Duan, S. Genesis of the Beizhan Iron Deposit in Western Tianshan, China: Insights from Trace Element and Fe–O Isotope Compositions of Magnetite. Minerals, 14, 304 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030304Matiolo, E., Couto, H.J.B., Lima, N., Silva, K., and de Freitas, A.S. Improving recovery of iron using column flotation of iron ore slimes. Minerals Engineering, 158, 106608 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106608Matiolo, E., Couto, H.J.B., Lima, N., Silva, K., and de Freitas, A.S. Improving recovery of iron using column flotation of iron ore slimes. Minerals Engineering, 158, 106608 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106608Nakhaei, F., and Irannajad, M. Reagents types in flotation of iron oxide minerals: A review. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 39(2), 89–124 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2017.1391245Nakhaei, F., and Irannajad, M. Reagents types in flotation of iron oxide minerals: A review. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 39(2), 89–124 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2017.1391245Silva, R.C.F., Ardisson, J.D., Cotta, A.A.C., Araujo, M.H., and de Carvalho Teixeira, A.P. Use of iron mining tailings from dams for carbon nanotubes synthesis in fluidized bed for 17α-ethinylestradiol removal. Environmental Pollution, 260, 114099 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114099Silva, R.C.F., Ardisson, J.D., Cotta, A.A.C., Araujo, M.H., and de Carvalho Teixeira, A.P. Use of iron mining tailings from dams for carbon nanotubes synthesis in fluidized bed for 17α-ethinylestradiol removal. Environmental Pollution, 260, 114099 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114099Araujo, A.C., Amarante, S.C., Souza, C.C., and Silva, R.R.R. Ore mineralogy and its relevance for selection of concentration methods in processing of Brazilian iron ores. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 112(1), 54–64 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1179/037195503225011439Araujo, A.C., Amarante, S.C., Souza, C.C., and Silva, R.R.R. Ore mineralogy and its relevance for selection of concentration methods in processing of Brazilian iron ores. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 112(1), 54–64 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1179/037195503225011439Lima, R.M.F., and Abreu, F.P.V.F. Characterization and concentration by selective flocculation/ magnetic separation of iron ore slimes from a dam of Quadrilátero Ferrífero – Brazil. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9, 12356–12362 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.12.034Lima, R.M.F., and Abreu, F.P.V.F. Characterization and concentration by selective flocculation/ magnetic separation of iron ore slimes from a dam of Quadrilátero Ferrífero – Brazil. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9, 12356–12362 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.12.034Muwanguzi, A.J.B., Karasev, A.V., Byaruhanga, J.K., and Jönsson, P.G. Characterization of the Physical and Metallurgical Properties of Natural Iron Ore for Iron Production. ISRN Materials Science, Article 147420 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/147420Muwanguzi, A.J.B., Karasev, A.V., Byaruhanga, J.K., and Jönsson, P.G. Characterization of the Physical and Metallurgical Properties of Natural Iron Ore for Iron Production. ISRN Materials Science, Article 147420 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/147420Yellishetty, M., Ranjith, P.G., and Tharumarajah, A. Iron ore and steel production trends and material flows in the world: Is this really sustainable? Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(12), 1084–1094 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.03.003Yellishetty, M., Ranjith, P.G., and Tharumarajah, A. Iron ore and steel production trends and material flows in the world: Is this really sustainable? Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(12), 1084–1094 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.03.003Zhang, X., Gu, X., Han, Y., Parra-Álvarez, N., Claremboux, V., and Kawatra, S.K. Flotation of Iron Ores: A Review. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 42(3), 184–212 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2019.1689494Zhang, X., Gu, X., Han, Y., Parra-Álvarez, N., Claremboux, V., and Kawatra, S.K. Flotation of Iron Ores: A Review. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 42(3), 184–212 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2019.1689494Ostadrahimi, M., Farrokhpay, S., Zare, T., Aghajanlou, M., Gharibi, K., and Salari Rad, M.M. An Integrated Separation Approach for Beneficiation of Low-Grade Iron Ore. Minerals, 15(9), 958 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/min15090958Ostadrahimi, M., Farrokhpay, S., Zare, T., Aghajanlou, M., Gharibi, K., and Salari Rad, M.M. An Integrated Separation Approach for Beneficiation of Low-Grade Iron Ore. Minerals, 15(9), 958 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/min15090958Prasad, J., Venkatesh, A.S., Sahoo, P.R., Singh, S., and Sylvestre Kanouo, N. Geological Controls on High-Grade Iron Ores from Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu Iron Ore Deposit, Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, Eastern India. Minerals, 7(10), 197 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100197Prasad, J., Venkatesh, A.S., Sahoo, P.R., Singh, S., and Sylvestre Kanouo, N. Geological Controls on High-Grade Iron Ores from Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu Iron Ore Deposit, Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, Eastern India. Minerals, 7(10), 197 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/min7100197Mahanta, C.R., Sahoo, P.R., Mohanta, M.K., Rath, R.K., Dey, S., Tripathy, S.K., Prasad, J., and Venkatesh, A.S. Mineralogical Characteristics of Hematitic Iron Ore: A Geometallurgical Study on Ore from Eastern India. Minerals, 13(9), 1194 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/min13091194Mahanta, C.R., Sahoo, P.R., Mohanta, M.K., Rath, R.K., Dey, S., Tripathy, S.K., Prasad, J., and Venkatesh, A.S. Mineralogical Characteristics of Hematitic Iron Ore: A Geometallurgical Study on Ore from Eastern India. Minerals, 13(9), 1194 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/min13091194Maniteja, M., Samanta, G., Gebretsadik, A., Tsae, N.B., Rai, S.S., Fissha, Y., Okada, N., and Kawamura, Y. Advancing Iron Ore Grade Estimation: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning and Ordinary Kriging. Minerals, 15(2), 131 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/min15020131Maniteja, M., Samanta, G., Gebretsadik, A., Tsae, N.B., Rai, S.S., Fissha, Y., Okada, N., and Kawamura, Y. Advancing Iron Ore Grade Estimation: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning and Ordinary Kriging. Minerals, 15(2), 131 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/min15020131

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.