<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kaz29</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Казахстанско-Британского технического университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Herald of the Kazakh-British Technical University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-6688</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2959-8109</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Казахстанско-Британский Технический Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55452/1998-6688-2026-23-2-418-434</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kaz29-2923</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НЕФТЕГАЗОВАЯ ИНЖЕНЕРИЯ И ГЕОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING, GEOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МОНИТОРИНГ СМЕЩЕНИЯ ГОРНЫХ ПОРОД ВО ВРЕМЯ ВЗРЫВНЫХ РАБОТ ПРИ КОНТРОЛЕ КАЧЕСТВА РУДЫ НА МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИИ ЖАЙРЕМ С УЧЕТОМ ПОТЕРЬ И РАЗУБОЖИВАНИЯ РУДЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>BLAST MOVEMENT MONITORING IN GRADE CONTROL OF ZHAIREM MINESITE CONSIDERING ORE LOSSES AND DILUTION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1343-4748</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Әбікен</surname><given-names>Б. І.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abiken</surname><given-names>B. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магистрант.</p><p>Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Master’s Student.</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">be_abiken@kbtu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4110-1543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стоукс</surname><given-names>О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stokes</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бакалавр.</p><p>Перт</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bachelor, Geology.</p><p>Perth</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oliver.stokes@hexagon.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0357-2994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гамбаль</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gambal</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, горный инженер.</p><p>Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Mining Engineer.</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gambalmaxim@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-4535</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тулемисова</surname><given-names>Ж. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tulemissova</surname><given-names>Zh. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, ассоциированный профессор.</p><p>Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate Professor.</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">z.tulemissova@kbtu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Казахстанско-Британский технический университет<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kazakh-British Technical University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Hexagon Mining<country>Австралия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Hexagon Mining<country>Australia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Leica Geosystems Kazakhstan LLC<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Leica Geosystems Kazakhstan LLC<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>418</fpage><lpage>434</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Әбікен Б.І., Стоукс О., Гамбаль М., Тулемисова Ж.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Әбікен Б.І., Стоукс О., Гамбаль М., Тулемисова Ж.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abiken B.I., Stokes O., Gambal M., Tulemissova Z.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.kbtu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/2923">https://vestnik.kbtu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/2923</self-uri><abstract><p>В данной статье рассматривается экономическая эффективность мониторинга сдвигов породы при взрывах (BMM) с учетом контроля качества руды в карьерах. Перемещения горной массы при взрывах остаются одним из основных факторов, ограничивающих эффективный контроль качества руды в карьерах. Неучтенные смещения при взрывах часто приводят к разубоживанию руды, потере полезного ископаемого и неправильной классификации, что в итоге снижает эффективность переработки и экономическую рентабельность. Исследование основано на предпосылке, что смещение горных пород, вызванное взрывом, по своей природе является стохастическим и не может быть надежно воспроизведено с помощью одного только детерминированного моделирования; поэтому для высокоточного контроля качества требуются прямые измерения на месторождении. За счет фиксации трехмерных векторов смещения из нескольких точек мониторинга в пределах взрывного блока BMM позволяет более точно восстанавливать границы руды после взрыва. Этот многоточечный подход учитывает пространственную изменчивость и обеспечивает надежную основу для корректировки сортовых планов перед началом экскавации. В 2024 г. пилотная реализация системы BMM была начата на Жайремском горно-обогатительном комбинате (ГОК), и система применяется в нескольких горнодобывающих компаниях Казахстана. Используя полевые данные с Жайремского месторождения, в исследовании количественно оцениваются эксплуатационные последствия неконтролируемого сдвига породы, включая потери руды, разубоживание и неправильную классификацию. Результаты показывают, что улучшенное определение границ между пустой породой и рудой повышает эффективность использования ресурсов и напрямую способствует увеличению прибыльности. На основе этих выводов в статье предлагается инструмент оценки финансовой стоимости, предназначенный для поддержки инвестиционных решений, связанных с системами мониторинга движения взрыва, что позволяет операторам систематически оценивать соотношение затрат и выгод внедрения BMM и оптимизировать стратегии контроля качества в более широких экономических рамках.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper examines the economic efficiency of Blast Movement Monitors (BMMs) in a grade control environment within open-pit mining operations. Blast-induced displacement of ore-waste contacts remain a major constraint on effective grade control in open-pit mining. Unaccounted movement during blasting frequently leads to ore dilution, loss of valuable material, and misclassification, ultimately reducing processing efficiency and economic returns. The study is based on the premise that blast-induced rock mass movement is inherently stochastic and cannot be reliably reproduced using deterministic modelling alone; therefore, high-precision grade control requires direct in-situ measurement. By capturing three-dimensional displacement vectors from multiple monitoring points within a blast block, BMM enables more accurate reconstruction of post-blast ore boundaries. This multi-point approach accounts for spatial variability and provides a robust basis for updating polygons prior to excavation. In 2024, the pilot implementation of the BMM system was started at the Zhairem Mining and Concentrating Complex (MCC), and the system is being implemented at several Kazakhstan mining companies. Using field data from the Zhairem site, the study quantifies the operational consequences of uncontrolled blast movement, including ore loss, dilution, and misclassification. The results indicate that improved boundary delineation enhances resource utilisation and contributes directly to increased profitability. Based on these findings, the paper proposes a financial value assessment tool designed to support investment decisions related to blast movement monitoring systems, enabling operations to systematically evaluate the cost–benefit ratio of BMM implementation and optimise grade control strategies within a broader economic framework.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мониторинг сдвига пород при взрыве</kwd><kwd>контроль за качеством руды</kwd><kwd>потеря руды</kwd><kwd>разубоживание</kwd><kwd>ошибочная классификация</kwd><kwd>окупаемость инвестиций</kwd><kwd>Жайрем</kwd><kwd>Казцинк</kwd><kwd>Glencore</kwd><kwd>руда</kwd><kwd>карьер</kwd><kwd>цинк</kwd><kwd>барит</kwd><kwd>тип минерализации</kwd><kwd>экскавация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Blast Movement Monitors</kwd><kwd>grade control</kwd><kwd>ore loss</kwd><kwd>dilution</kwd><kwd>misclassification</kwd><kwd>ROI</kwd><kwd>Zhairem</kwd><kwd>Kazzinc</kwd><kwd>Glencore</kwd><kwd>ore</kwd><kwd>open-pit</kwd><kwd>zinc</kwd><kwd>barite</kwd><kwd>mineralisation type</kwd><kwd>excavation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrasco, C., Keeney, L., Napier-Munn, T., Bode, P. Unlocking additional value by optimizing communication strategies to process Grade Engineering streams. Minerals Engineering, 103, 2–10 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.07.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrasco, C., Keeney, L., Napier-Munn, T., Bode, P. Unlocking additional value by optimizing communication strategies to process Grade Engineering streams. Minerals Engineering, 103, 2–10 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.07.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navarro, J., Seidl, T., Hartlieb, P., Sanchidrián, J., Segarra, P., Couceiro, P., Schimek, P., Godoy, C. Blastability and ore grade assessment from drill monitoring for open pit applications. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 54, 3209–3228 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02354-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navarro, J., Seidl, T., Hartlieb, P., Sanchidrián, J., Segarra, P., Couceiro, P., Schimek, P., Godoy, C. Blastability and ore grade assessment from drill monitoring for open pit applications. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 54, 3209–3228 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02354-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akbar, S., Abdolmaleki, M., Ghadernejad, S., Esmaeili, K. Applying knowledge-based and data-driven methods to improve ore grade control of blast hole drill cuttings using hyperspectral imaging. Remote Sensing, 16, 2823 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152823.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akbar, S., Abdolmaleki, M., Ghadernejad, S., Esmaeili, K. Applying knowledge-based and data-driven methods to improve ore grade control of blast hole drill cuttings using hyperspectral imaging. Remote Sensing, 16, 2823 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152823.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Díaz, A., Fernández, C., Álvarez, I. Grade control in one of the biggest open pit mines in Europe: Corta Atalaya, Riotinto. Minerals, 15 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/min15010044.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Díaz, A., Fernández, C., Álvarez, I. Grade control in one of the biggest open pit mines in Europe: Corta Atalaya, Riotinto. Minerals, 15 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/min15010044.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimitrakopoulos, R., Godoy, M. Grade control based on economic ore/waste classification functions and stochastic simulations: examples, comparisons and applications. Mining Technology, 123, 90–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1179/1743286314Y.0000000062.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimitrakopoulos, R., Godoy, M. Grade control based on economic ore/waste classification functions and stochastic simulations: examples, comparisons and applications. Mining Technology, 123, 90–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1179/1743286314Y.0000000062.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thornton, D. The implications of blast-induced movement to grade control (2009).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thornton, D. The implications of blast-induced movement to grade control (2009).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogers, W. Understanding blast movement to optimise grade control practices at the Ahafo Gold Mine in Ghana (2014). https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2014.322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogers, W. Understanding blast movement to optimise grade control practices at the Ahafo Gold Mine in Ghana (2014). https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2014.322.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eshun, P., Dzigbordi, K. Control of ore loss and dilution at AngloGold Ashanti Iduapriem Mine using blast movement monitoring system. Ghana Mining Journal, 16, 49–59 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4314/gm.v16i1.6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eshun, P., Dzigbordi, K. Control of ore loss and dilution at AngloGold Ashanti Iduapriem Mine using blast movement monitoring system. Ghana Mining Journal, 16, 49–59 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4314/gm.v16i1.6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hmoud, S., Kumral, M. Risk-based optimization of post-blast dig-limits incorporating blast movement and grade uncertainties with multiple destinations in open-pit mines. Natural Resources Research, 34, 193– 214 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-024-10428-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hmoud, S., Kumral, M. Risk-based optimization of post-blast dig-limits incorporating blast movement and grade uncertainties with multiple destinations in open-pit mines. Natural Resources Research, 34, 193– 214 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-024-10428-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tordoir, A., Weatherley, D., Onederra, I., Bye, A. A new 3D simulation framework to model blast induced rock mass movement using physics engines. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting (Fragblast), Granada, Spain, pp. 381–388 (2009).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tordoir, A., Weatherley, D., Onederra, I., Bye, A. A new 3D simulation framework to model blast induced rock mass movement using physics engines. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting (Fragblast), Granada, Spain, pp. 381–388 (2009).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitzgerald, M., York, S., Cooke, D., Thornton, D. Blast monitoring and blast translation – case study of a grade improvement project at the Fimiston Pit, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Mining Geology Conference, Queenstown, New Zealand, pp. 285–297 (2011).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fitzgerald, M., York, S., Cooke, D., Thornton, D. Blast monitoring and blast translation – case study of a grade improvement project at the Fimiston Pit, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Mining Geology Conference, Queenstown, New Zealand, pp. 285–297 (2011).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thornton, D. The application of electronic monitors to understand blast movement dynamics and improve blast designs. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting (Fragblast), Granada, Spain, pp. 287–300 (2009).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thornton, D. The application of electronic monitors to understand blast movement dynamics and improve blast designs. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting (Fragblast), Granada, Spain, pp. 287–300 (2009).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang, R.L., Kavetsky, A.P. A three dimensional model of muckpile formation and grade boundary movement in open pit blasting. International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering, 8, 13–34 (1990).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang, R.L., Kavetsky, A.P. A three dimensional model of muckpile formation and grade boundary movement in open pit blasting. International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering, 8, 13–34 (1990).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malchenko, E., Roman, A., Portnov, V., Askarova, N. Peculiarities of the formation of the Zhailma volcano-tectonic deep. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu (2023). https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2023-1/026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malchenko, E., Roman, A., Portnov, V., Askarova, N. Peculiarities of the formation of the Zhailma volcano-tectonic deep. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu (2023). https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2023-1/026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bilimova, I.S., Ponomareva, E.V., Ponomareva, M.V. Studying hydrogeological conditions for the purpose of developing methods of drying the walls of the Zhairem deposit Dalnezapadny site. Trudy Universiteta, 1(94), 170–175 (2024). https://doi.org/10.52209/1609-1825_2024_1_170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bilimova, I.S., Ponomareva, E.V., Ponomareva, M.V. Studying hydrogeological conditions for the purpose of developing methods of drying the walls of the Zhairem deposit Dalnezapadny site. Trudy Universiteta, 1(94), 170–175 (2024). https://doi.org/10.52209/1609-1825_2024_1_170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
