kaz29Вестник Казахстанско-Британского технического университетаHerald of the Kazakh-British Technical University1998-66882959-8109Казахстанско-Британский Технический Университет10.55452/1998-6688-2025-22-4-374-385kaz29-2308Research ArticleФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИPHYSICAL SCIENCESПОЛУЧЕНИЕ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТОНКИХ ПОКРЫТИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ТИТАНА-ЗОЛОТА (TI-AU) ДЛЯ БИОМЕДИЦИНСКОГО ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ С УЛУЧШЕННЫМИ ФИЗИКО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКИМИ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАМИSYNTHESIS AND INVESTIGATION OF TITANIUM-GOLD (TI-AU) BASED THIN COATINGS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS WITH ENHANCED PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIEShttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2206-8132ЕскермесовД. К.YeskermessovD. K.

PhD, ассоциированный профессор

г. Усть-Каменогорск

PhD, Associate Professor

Ust-Kamenogorsk

dyeskermessov@edu.ektu.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9668-0079ЛукосС. С.LukoseC. C.

PhD, научный сотрудник

г. Ньюкасл

PhD, Researcher

Newcastle

 

c.c.lukose@northumbria.ac.ukhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6135-6639БиркеттМ.BirkettM.

PhD, профессор

г. Ньюкасл

PhD, Professor

Newcastle

martin.birkett@northumbria.ac.ukhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-9155ПазылбекС. А.PazylbekS. A.

PhD, ассоциированный профессор

г. Шымкент

PhD, Associate Professor

Shymkent

sapargali.pa@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-8454-3615ЕскермесоваА. С.YeskermessovaA. S.

магистр, м.н.с.

г. Усть-Каменогорск

MSc., Junior Researcher

Ust-Kamenogorsk

ardakeskermesova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-9254-3901ТөлеухановаЖ. Т.ToleukhanovaZh. T.

магистр, ст. преподаватель

г. Усть-Каменогорск

MSc., Sr. Lecturer

Ust-Kamenogorsk

ztoleukhanova@ektu.kzВосточно-Казахстанский технический университет им. Д. СерикбаеваКазахстанD. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan Technical University»KazakhstanУниверситет НортумбрияВеликобританияNorthumbria UniversityUnited KingdomУниверситет им. Ж.А. ТашеневаКазахстанTashenev UniversityKazakhstan202523122025224374385Copyright © Ескермесов Д.К., Лукос С.С., Биркетт М., Пазылбек С.А., Ескермесова А.С., Төлеуханова Ж.Т., 20252025Ескермесов Д.К., Лукос С.С., Биркетт М., Пазылбек С.А., Ескермесова А.С., Төлеуханова Ж.Т.Yeskermessov D.K., Lukose C.C., Birkett M., Pazylbek S.A., Yeskermessova A.S., Toleukhanova Z.T.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestnik.kbtu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/2308

В данной научной статье исследованы структура и свойства поверхности тонких покрытий на основе Ti-Au, полученных методом PVD (магнетронного распыления) в вакуумной среде при высокой температуре 450 °C в режимах постоянного (DC) и высокочастотного (RF) тока. Тонкие покрытия, полученные на установке NanoPVD, имели среднюю толщину около 1 мкм. Экспериментальные исследования показали, что химический состав, микроструктура и свойства покрытий находятся в тесной зависимости от технологических параметров метода магнетронного распыления. Влияние добавок Ag и Cu на микроструктуру и механические свойства покрытий Ti-Au исследовалось с использованием растровой электронной микроскопии (SEM), энергодисперсионного микроанализа (EDX) и рентгеновской дифрактометрии (XRD). Характеристики шероховатости поверхности покрытий анализировались методом атомно-силовой микроскопии (AFM), а для комплексной оценки изменений свойств были проведены испытания на нанотвердость и трибологические тесты. Показано, что модификация поверхности подложки Ti6Al4V методом PVD повышает ее износостойкость и снижает коэффициент трения. По результатам рентгенофазового анализа установлено, что улучшение трибологических свойств полученных тонких покрытий напрямую связано с образованием основной фазы Ti3Au и увеличением ее содержания.

This scientific article investigates the structure and surface properties of Ti-Au-based thin coatings obtained by the PVD (magnetron sputtering) method in a vacuum environment at a high temperature of 450°C under direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF) modes. The thin coatings deposited using the NanoPVD system had an average thickness of about 1 µm. Experimental studies showed that the chemical composition, microstructure, and properties of the coatings are closely dependent on the technological parameters of the magnetron sputtering process. The effect of Ag and Cu additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti-Au coatings was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface roughness characteristics of the coatings were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and nanoindentation and tribological tests were carried out to comprehensively evaluate the changes in their properties. It was shown that the modification of the Ti6Al4V substrate surface by the PVD method increases its wear resistance and reduces the coefficient of friction. X-ray phase analysis results revealed that the improvement in the tribological properties of the obtained thin coatings is directly related to the formation of the primary Ti3Au phase and the increase in its content.

покрытие и тонкие пленкисистема магнетронного распыленияморфологиятвердостьэлементный составcoating and thin filmsmagnetron sputtering systemmorphologyhardnesselemental compositionБұл зерттеу Қазақстан Республикасы Ғылым және жоғары білім Министрлігінің Ғылым Комитеті тарапынан қаржыландырылды (грант № AP22683206, BR24992854).ReferencesWilches, L.V., Uribe, J.A. and Toro, A. Wear of materials used for artificial joints in total hip replacements. Wear, 265(1–2), 143–149 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.09.010.Wilches, L.V., Uribe, J.A. and Toro, A. Wear of materials used for artificial joints in total hip replacements. Wear, 265(1–2), 143–149 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.09.010.Rahmati, B., Sarhan, A.A., Zalnezhad, E., Kamiab, Z., Dabbagh, A., Choudhury, D., and Abas W.A. Development of tantalum oxide (Ta-O) thin film coating on biomedical Ti-6Al-4V alloy to enhance mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Ceramics International, 42(1), 466–480 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.08.133.Rahmati, B., Sarhan, A.A., Zalnezhad, E., Kamiab, Z., Dabbagh, A., Choudhury, D., and Abas W.A. Development of tantalum oxide (Ta-O) thin film coating on biomedical Ti-6Al-4V alloy to enhance mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Ceramics International, 42(1), 466–480 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.08.133.Panjwani, B., Satyanarayana, N., and Sinha, S.K. Tribological characterization of a biocompatible thin film of UHMWPE on Ti6Al4V and the effects of PFPE as top lubricating layer. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 4(7), 953–960 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.02.005.Panjwani, B., Satyanarayana, N., and Sinha, S.K. Tribological characterization of a biocompatible thin film of UHMWPE on Ti6Al4V and the effects of PFPE as top lubricating layer. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 4(7), 953–960 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.02.005.Guan, J., Jiang, X., Xiang, Q., Yang, F., and Liu, J. Corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of titanium surfaces designed by electromagnetic induction nitriding for biomedical applications. Surface and Coatings Technology, 409, 126844 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.126844.Guan, J., Jiang, X., Xiang, Q., Yang, F., and Liu, J. Corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of titanium surfaces designed by electromagnetic induction nitriding for biomedical applications. Surface and Coatings Technology, 409, 126844 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.126844.Wei, M., Yu, H., Song, Z., Yin, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, H., et al. Microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and wear behavior of in-situ TiC-reinforced Ti matrix composite coating by induction cladding. Surface and Coatings Technology, 412, 127048 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127048.Wei, M., Yu, H., Song, Z., Yin, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, H., et al. Microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and wear behavior of in-situ TiC-reinforced Ti matrix composite coating by induction cladding. Surface and Coatings Technology, 412, 127048 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127048.Mu, J., Wang, H., Qin, B., Zhang, Y., Chen, L., and Zeng, C. Improved wear and corrosion resistance of biological compatible TiZrNb films on biomedical Ti6Al4V substrates by optimizing sputtering power. Surface and Coatings Technology, 428, 127866 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127866.Mu, J., Wang, H., Qin, B., Zhang, Y., Chen, L., and Zeng, C. Improved wear and corrosion resistance of biological compatible TiZrNb films on biomedical Ti6Al4V substrates by optimizing sputtering power. Surface and Coatings Technology, 428, 127866 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127866.Wang, Y.H., Yang, Z.B., Hu, S.Y., Zhao, Y.H., Ren, H., Gong, F., and Xie, Z.W. Tailoring growth structure, wear and corrosion properties of TiN coatings via gradient bias and arc enhanced glow discharge. Surface and Coatings Technology, 450, 129015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.129015.Wang, Y.H., Yang, Z.B., Hu, S.Y., Zhao, Y.H., Ren, H., Gong, F., and Xie, Z.W. Tailoring growth structure, wear and corrosion properties of TiN coatings via gradient bias and arc enhanced glow discharge. Surface and Coatings Technology, 450, 129015 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.129015.Özkan, D., Yılmaz, M.A., Szala, M., Türküz, C., Chocyk, D., Tunç, C., et al. Effects of ceramic-based CrN, TiN, and AlCrN interlayers on wear and friction behaviors of AlTiSiN+TiSiN PVD coatings. Ceramics International, 47(14), 20077–20089 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.04.015Özkan, D., Yılmaz, M.A., Szala, M., Türküz, C., Chocyk, D., Tunç, C., et al. Effects of ceramic-based CrN, TiN, and AlCrN interlayers on wear and friction behaviors of AlTiSiN+TiSiN PVD coatings. Ceramics International, 47(14), 20077–20089 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.04.015Çomaklı, O., Yazıcı, M., Demir, M., Yetim, A.F., and Celik, A. Effect of bilayer numbers on structural, mechanical, tribological and corrosion properties of TiO2–SiO2 multilayer film-coated β-type Ti45Nb alloys. Ceramics International, 49(2), 3007–3015 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.285Çomaklı, O., Yazıcı, M., Demir, M., Yetim, A.F., and Celik, A. Effect of bilayer numbers on structural, mechanical, tribological and corrosion properties of TiO2–SiO2 multilayer film-coated β-type Ti45Nb alloys. Ceramics International, 49(2), 3007–3015 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.285Bai, H., Zhong, L., Kang, L., Liu, J., Zhuang, W., Lv, Z., and Xu, Y. A review on wear-resistant coating with high hardness and high toughness on the surface of titanium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 882, 160645 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160645.Bai, H., Zhong, L., Kang, L., Liu, J., Zhuang, W., Lv, Z., and Xu, Y. A review on wear-resistant coating with high hardness and high toughness on the surface of titanium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 882, 160645 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160645.Lopes, C., Gonçalves, C., Borges, J., Polcar, T., Rodrigues, M.S., Barradas, N.P., et al. Evolution of the functional properties of titanium–silver thin films for biomedical applications: Influence of invacuum annealing. Surface and Coatings Technology, 261, 262–271 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.11.020.Lopes, C., Gonçalves, C., Borges, J., Polcar, T., Rodrigues, M.S., Barradas, N.P., et al. Evolution of the functional properties of titanium–silver thin films for biomedical applications: Influence of invacuum annealing. Surface and Coatings Technology, 261, 262–271 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.11.020.Łępicka, M., Grądzka-Dahlke, M., Pieniak, D., Pasierbiewicz, K., Kryńska, K., and Niewczas A. Tribological performance of titanium nitride coatings: A comparative study on TiN-coated stainless steel and titanium alloy. Wear, 422, 68–80 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.029.Łępicka, M., Grądzka-Dahlke, M., Pieniak, D., Pasierbiewicz, K., Kryńska, K., and Niewczas A. Tribological performance of titanium nitride coatings: A comparative study on TiN-coated stainless steel and titanium alloy. Wear, 422, 68–80 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.029.Birkett, M., Penlington, R., Wan, C., and Zoppi, G. Structural and electrical properties of CuAlMo thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films, 540, 235–241 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.05.145.Birkett, M., Penlington, R., Wan, C., and Zoppi, G. Structural and electrical properties of CuAlMo thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films, 540, 235–241 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.05.145.Ruggiero, A., D’Amato, R., and Gómez, E. Experimental analysis of tribological behavior of UHMWPE against AISI420C and against TiAl6V4 alloy under dry and lubricated conditions. Tribology International, 92, 154–161 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.06.005.Ruggiero, A., D’Amato, R., and Gómez, E. Experimental analysis of tribological behavior of UHMWPE against AISI420C and against TiAl6V4 alloy under dry and lubricated conditions. Tribology International, 92, 154–161 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.06.005.Ait-Djafer, A.Z., Saoula, N., Aknouche, H., Guedouar, B., and Madaoui, N. Deposition and characterization of titanium aluminum nitride coatings prepared by RF magnetron sputtering. Applied Surface Science, 350, 6–9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.02.053.Ait-Djafer, A.Z., Saoula, N., Aknouche, H., Guedouar, B., and Madaoui, N. Deposition and characterization of titanium aluminum nitride coatings prepared by RF magnetron sputtering. Applied Surface Science, 350, 6–9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.02.053.Lukose, C.C., Anestopoulos, I., Mantso, T., Bowen, L., Panayiotidis, M.I., and Birkett, M. Thermal activation of Ti(1-x)Au(x) thin films with enhanced hardness and biocompatibility. Bioactive Materials, 15, 426–445 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.027.Lukose, C.C., Anestopoulos, I., Mantso, T., Bowen, L., Panayiotidis, M.I., and Birkett, M. Thermal activation of Ti(1-x)Au(x) thin films with enhanced hardness and biocompatibility. Bioactive Materials, 15, 426–445 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.027.Villapún, V.M., Lukose, C.C., Birkett, M., Dover, L.G., and González, S. Tuning the antimicrobial behaviour of Cu85Zr15 thin films in “wet” and “dry” conditions through structural modifications. Surface and Coatings Technology, 350, 334–345 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.094,Villapún, V.M., Lukose, C.C., Birkett, M., Dover, L.G., and González, S. Tuning the antimicrobial behaviour of Cu85Zr15 thin films in “wet” and “dry” conditions through structural modifications. Surface and Coatings Technology, 350, 334–345 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.094,Lukose, C.C., Chavignon, C., Mantso, T., Panayiotidis, M.I., and Birkett, M. Enhanced mechanical and biocompatibility performance of Ti(1-x)Ag(x) coatings through intermetallic phase modification. Materials Characterization, 194, 112401 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112401,Lukose, C.C., Chavignon, C., Mantso, T., Panayiotidis, M.I., and Birkett, M. Enhanced mechanical and biocompatibility performance of Ti(1-x)Ag(x) coatings through intermetallic phase modification. Materials Characterization, 194, 112401 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112401,Birkett, M., Dover, L., Lukose, C.C., Zia, A.W., Tambuwala, M.M., and Serrano-Aroca, Á. Recent advances in metal-based antimicrobial coatings for high-touch surfaces. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(3), 1162 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031162.Birkett, M., Dover, L., Lukose, C.C., Zia, A.W., Tambuwala, M.M., and Serrano-Aroca, Á. Recent advances in metal-based antimicrobial coatings for high-touch surfaces. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(3), 1162 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031162.Lukose, C.C., Anestopoulos, I., Panagiotidis, I.S., Zoppi, G., Black, A.M., Dover, L.G., et al. Biocompatible Ti3Au–Ag/Cu thin film coatings with enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial functionality. Biomaterials Research, 27(1), 93 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-023-00435-1.Lukose, C.C., Anestopoulos, I., Panagiotidis, I.S., Zoppi, G., Black, A.M., Dover, L.G., et al. Biocompatible Ti3Au–Ag/Cu thin film coatings with enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial functionality. Biomaterials Research, 27(1), 93 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-023-00435-1.Macías, H.A., Yate, L., Coy, L.E., Olaya, J.J., and Aperador, W. Effect of nitrogen flow ratio on microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of TiWSiNx thin film deposited by magnetron cosputtering. Applied Surface Science, 456, 445–456 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.06.129.Macías, H.A., Yate, L., Coy, L.E., Olaya, J.J., and Aperador, W. Effect of nitrogen flow ratio on microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of TiWSiNx thin film deposited by magnetron cosputtering. Applied Surface Science, 456, 445–456 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.06.129.Baptista, A., Silva, F., Porteiro, J., Míguez, J., and Pinto, G. Sputtering physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings: A critical review on process improvement and market trend demands. Coatings, 8(11), 402 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8110402.Baptista, A., Silva, F., Porteiro, J., Míguez, J., and Pinto, G. Sputtering physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings: A critical review on process improvement and market trend demands. Coatings, 8(11), 402 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8110402.Palmero, A., Alcala, G., and Alvarez, R. Editorial for Special Issue: Nanostructured Surfaces and Thin Films Synthesis by Physical Vapor Deposition. Nanomaterials, 11(1), 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11010148.Palmero, A., Alcala, G., and Alvarez, R. Editorial for Special Issue: Nanostructured Surfaces and Thin Films Synthesis by Physical Vapor Deposition. Nanomaterials, 11(1), 148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11010148.Yumusak, G., Leyland, A., and Matthews, A. The effect of pre-deposited titanium-based PVD metallic thin films on the nitrogen diffusion efficiency and wear behaviour of nitrided Ti alloys. Surface and Coatings Technology, 394, 125545 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125545.Yumusak, G., Leyland, A., and Matthews, A. The effect of pre-deposited titanium-based PVD metallic thin films on the nitrogen diffusion efficiency and wear behaviour of nitrided Ti alloys. Surface and Coatings Technology, 394, 125545 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125545.Yumusak, G., Leyland, A., and Matthews, A.A microabrasion wear study of nitrided α-Ti and β-TiNb PVD metallic thin films, pre-deposited onto titanium alloy substrates. Surface and Coatings Technology, 442, 128423 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128423.Yumusak, G., Leyland, A., and Matthews, A.A microabrasion wear study of nitrided α-Ti and β-TiNb PVD metallic thin films, pre-deposited onto titanium alloy substrates. Surface and Coatings Technology, 442, 128423 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128423.Thampi, V.A., Bendavid, A., and Subramanian, B. Nanostructured TiCrN thin films by Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering for cutting tool applications. Ceramics International, 42(8), 9940–9948 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.03.095.Thampi, V.A., Bendavid, A., and Subramanian, B. Nanostructured TiCrN thin films by Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering for cutting tool applications. Ceramics International, 42(8), 9940–9948 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.03.095.Wojcieszak, D., Osekowska, M., Kaczmarek, D., Szponar, B., Mazur, M., Mazur, P., and Obstarczyk A. Influence of material composition on structure, surface properties and biological activity of nanocrystalline coatings based on Cu and Ti. Coatings, 10(4), 343 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040343.Wojcieszak, D., Osekowska, M., Kaczmarek, D., Szponar, B., Mazur, M., Mazur, P., and Obstarczyk A. Influence of material composition on structure, surface properties and biological activity of nanocrystalline coatings based on Cu and Ti. Coatings, 10(4), 343 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040343.Stranak, V., Wulff, H., Ksirova, P., Zietz, C., Drache, S., Cada, M., et al. Ionized vapor deposition of antimicrobial Ti–Cu films with controlled copper release. Thin Solid Films, 550, 389–394 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.11.001.Stranak, V., Wulff, H., Ksirova, P., Zietz, C., Drache, S., Cada, M., et al. Ionized vapor deposition of antimicrobial Ti–Cu films with controlled copper release. Thin Solid Films, 550, 389–394 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.11.001.Karimi, A., and Cattin, C. Intermetallic β-Ti3Au hard thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films, 646, 1–11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2017.11.027.Karimi, A., and Cattin, C. Intermetallic β-Ti3Au hard thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films, 646, 1–11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2017.11.027.Yeskermessov, D., Toleukhanova, Z., Aringozhina, Z., Tabiyeva, Y., & Ahmed, W. Hard and Superhard Multicomponent Nitride Coatings Deposited Using Vacuum-Arc Evaporation: The Effects of Cr and Si on the Structure and Properties of the Nanostructured (Zr-Ti-Nb)N Coatings. In Innovations in Materials Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering Research (pp. 136–196). IGI Global (2023). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-66846830-2.ch004.Yeskermessov, D., Toleukhanova, Z., Aringozhina, Z., Tabiyeva, Y., & Ahmed, W. Hard and Superhard Multicomponent Nitride Coatings Deposited Using Vacuum-Arc Evaporation: The Effects of Cr and Si on the Structure and Properties of the Nanostructured (Zr-Ti-Nb)N Coatings. In Innovations in Materials Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering Research (pp. 136–196). IGI Global (2023). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-66846830-2.ch004.Yeskermessov, D., Rakhadilov, B., Zhurerova, L., Apsezhanova, A., Aringozhina, Z., Booth, M., & Tabiyeva, Y. Surface modification of coatings based on Ni-Cr-Al by pulsed plasma treatment. AIMS Materials Science, 10(5), (2023). https://doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2023042.Yeskermessov, D., Rakhadilov, B., Zhurerova, L., Apsezhanova, A., Aringozhina, Z., Booth, M., & Tabiyeva, Y. Surface modification of coatings based on Ni-Cr-Al by pulsed plasma treatment. AIMS Materials Science, 10(5), (2023). https://doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2023042.Rakhadilov, B., Bayatanova, L., Kengesbekov, A., Magazov, N., Toleukhanova, Z., & Yeskermessov, D. Study of the Influence of Air Plasma Spraying Parameters on the Structure, Corrosion Resistance, and Tribological Characteristics of Fe–Al–Cr Intermetallic Coatings. Coatings, 15(7), 790. (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070790.Rakhadilov, B., Bayatanova, L., Kengesbekov, A., Magazov, N., Toleukhanova, Z., & Yeskermessov, D. Study of the Influence of Air Plasma Spraying Parameters on the Structure, Corrosion Resistance, and Tribological Characteristics of Fe–Al–Cr Intermetallic Coatings. Coatings, 15(7), 790. (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070790.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.