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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kaz29</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Казахстанско-Британского технического университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Herald of the Kazakh-British Technical University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-6688</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2959-8109</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Казахстанско-Британский Технический Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55452/1998-6688-2025-22-3-280-289</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kaz29-2123</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ КОНТРАСТА РЕЗИСТА В ЭЛЕКТРОННО-ЛУЧЕВОЙ ЛИТОГРАФИИ ПРИ НЕОДНОРОДНО ОСАЖДЕННОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ ПО ГЛУБИНЕ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>DETERMINATION OF RESIST CONTRAST IN ELECTRON BEAM LITHOGRAPHY UNDER DEPTH-DEPENDENT NONUNIFORM ENERGY DEPOSITION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7270-9834</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муратов</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Muratov</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, ассоциированный профессор, доцент</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mukhit.muratov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5120-8651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцев</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitsev</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.ф.-м.н., профессор</p><p>г. Черноголовка, Московская область </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr.Phys.-Math.Sc., Professor </p><p>142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bachokg@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6602-0018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пшиков</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pshikov</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, ассистент-профессор</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Assistant Professor</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mustahim.pshikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4804-5323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусейнов</surname><given-names>Н. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Guseinov</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Master's degree</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">solar_neo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8782-703X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Немкаева</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nemkayeva</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Master's degree</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">quasisensus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1381-4532</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухаметкаримов</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhametkarimov</surname><given-names>Ye. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, ассоциированный профессор, доцент</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m.c.erzhan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-0434</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толепов</surname><given-names>Ж. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolepov</surname><given-names>Zh. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mr.tolepov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-3314</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахметсадык</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmetsadyk</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докторант</p><p>г. Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student </p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d.akhmetsadyk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казахский национальный университет им. аль-Фараби</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Al-Farabi Kazakh National University</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт проблем технологии микроэлектроники и особо  чистых материалов РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>280</fpage><lpage>289</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Муратов М.М., Зайцев С.И., Пшиков М.И., Гусейнов Н.Р., Немкаева Р.Р., Мухаметкаримов Е.С., Толепов Ж.К., Ахметсадык Д.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Муратов М.М., Зайцев С.И., Пшиков М.И., Гусейнов Н.Р., Немкаева Р.Р., Мухаметкаримов Е.С., Толепов Ж.К., Ахметсадык Д.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Muratov M.M., Zaitsev S.I., Pshikov M.I., Guseinov N.R., Nemkayeva R.R., Mukhametkarimov Y.S., Tolepov Z.K., Akhmetsadyk D.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.kbtu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/2123">https://vestnik.kbtu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/2123</self-uri><abstract><p>В работе представлена аналитическая модель определения контраста резиста в электронной литографии при неоднородно осажденной энергии по глубине, что характерно для низкоэнергетического электронного экспонирования. В классическом подходе контраст определяется из логарифмической зависимости остаточной толщины резиста от дозы экспонирования и предполагает однородность осажденной энергии по глубине слоя, что приводит к переоценке значения контраста при наличии градиента осажденной энергии. Предлагаемая модель учитывает в существующей модели линейное изменение энергетического профиля в резисте, позволяя извлечь «истинное» значение контраста, отражающее свойства резиста при заданных условиях проявления. Для валидации модели были проведены эксперименты с резистом ЭЛП-20 толщиной 200 нм на кремниевых подложках при энергии электронов в пучке 5, 15 и 25 кэВ. Дозовые клинья экспонировались для каждой энергии с последующим проявлением и анализом топографии методом атомносиловой микроскопии. Путем подгонки модельных кривых к экспериментальной зависимости остаточной толщины резиста от дозы экспонирования для каждой энергии электронов были рассчитаны значения контраста и параметра, характеризующего градиент осажденной энергии по глубине. При этом контраст остается практически постоянным при варьировании энергии падающих электронов и имеет среднее значение γ = 1.67. Таким образом, увеличение контраста при уменьшении энергии электронов, наблюдаемое в рамках классического подхода, следует рассматривать как артефакт используемой модели. Предложенная модель применима для прецизионной калибровки процессов формирования трехмерных резистных структур методом литографии серого тона.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents an analytical model for determining the resist contrast in electron lithography with nonuniform deposited energy over the depth, which is typical for low-energy electron exposure. In the classical approach, the contrast is determined from the logarithmic dependence of the residual resist thickness on the exposure dose and assumes the homogeneity of the deposited energy over the layer depth, which leads to an overestimation of the contrast value in the presence of a gradient of the deposited energy. The proposed model takes into account the linear change in the energy profile in the resist, which is neglected in existing generally accepted model, thus allowing us to extract the "true" contrast value reflecting the resist properties under given development conditions. To validate the model, experiments were carried out with an ELP-20 resist 200 nm thick on silicon substrates at an electron beam energy of 5, 15 and 25 keV. Dose wedges were exposed for each energy, followed by development and topography analysis by atomic force microscopy. By fitting the model curves to the experimental dependence of the residual resist thickness on the exposure dose for each electron energy, the values of the contrast and the parameter characterizing the gradient of the deposited energy by depth were calculated. In this case, the contrast remains almost constant when varying the energy of incident electrons and has an average value of γ = 1.67. Thus, the increase in contrast with a decrease in the electron energy observed within the classical approach should be considered as an artifact of the model used. The proposed model is applicable for precision calibration of the processes of forming three-dimensional resist structures using the grayscale lithography.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электронно-лучевая литография</kwd><kwd>контраст резиста</kwd><kwd>неоднородное осаждение энергии по глубине</kwd><kwd>аналитическая модель</kwd><kwd>литография серого тона</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Electron beam lithography (EBL)</kwd><kwd>Resist contrast</kwd><kwd>Nonuniform energy deposition</kwd><kwd>Analytical modeling</kwd><kwd>Grayscale lithography</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">This research was carried out with financial support from the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP19576960).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flodgren, V., Das, A., Sestoft, J.E., Löfström, N., Alcer, D., Jeddi, H., Borgström, M.T., Pettersson, H., Nygård J. and Mikkelsen A. 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