<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kaz29</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Казахстанско-Британского технического университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Herald of the Kazakh-British Technical University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-6688</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2959-8109</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Казахстанско-Британский Технический Университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55452/1998-6688-2025-22-3-85-97</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kaz29-2104</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COMPUTER SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РАЗРАБОТКА МУЛЬТИАГЕНТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ДЛЯ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM FOR INTELLIGENT DIAGNOSTICS OF INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-9161</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самигулина</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Samigulina</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.т.н., профессор</p><p>г. Алматы </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr.Tech.Sc., Professor</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kz.galinasamigulina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5862-6415</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самигулина</surname><given-names>З. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Samigulina</surname><given-names>Z. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, доцент</p><p>г. Алматы </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">z.samigulina@kbtu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8168-6368</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бекешев</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bekeshev</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр</p><p>г. Алматы </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Master's degree</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dauletb01@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт информационных и вычислительных технологий, лаб. «Интеллектуальные системы управления и прогнозирования»;&#13;
Казахстанско-Британский технический университет<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Information and Computing Technologies, Lab. «Intellectual Control system and forecasting»;&#13;
Kazakh-British Technical University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Самигулина Г.А., Самигулина З.И., Бекешев Д.Д., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Самигулина Г.А., Самигулина З.И., Бекешев Д.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Samigulina G.A., Samigulina Z.I., Bekeshev D.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.kbtu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/2104">https://vestnik.kbtu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/2104</self-uri><abstract><p>Современные системы промышленной автоматизации в процессе эксплуатации генерируют большой объем производственных данных, обработка которых современными методами искусственного интеллекта позволяет своевременно осуществлять диагностику состояния и прогнозировать износ дорогостоящего оборудования. В статье разработана инновационная мультиагентная система на основе нейроиммунноэндокринного взаимодействия для диагностики промышленного оборудования. Система состоит из агентов, специализирующихся на редукции данных, на основе искусственной нейронной сети (ИНС), искусственного эндокринного алгоритма (ИЭА) и искусственной иммунной системы (ИИС). Задача данных агентов снизить размерность базы данных, при этом не потеряв ее информативность. Также разработаны предиктивные агенты на основе ИИС и ИЭА, которые решают задачу классификации состояния оборудования на основе информации, полученной после редукции данных и осуществляют прогноз износа оборудования. Эксперименты осуществлены на реальных промышленных данных нефтеперерабатывающего предприятия ТОО «ТенгизШевройл». Результаты моделирования показали перспективность использования данного подхода. Получены следующие значения метрики AUC (Area Under ROC Curve) от 0.86 до 0.90, пропускная способность мультиагентной системы составляет 1000 задач в секунду, время предсказания – 1 мс, отказоустойчивость – 100%.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Modern industrial automation systems generate a large volume of production data during operation, the processing of which by modern artificial intelligence methods allows for timely diagnostics of the condition and prediction of wear of expensive equipment. The article develops an innovative multi-agent system based on neuroimmune-endocrine interaction for diagnostics of industrial equipment. The system consists of agents specializing in data reduction, based on an artificial neural network (ANN), an artificial endocrine algorithm (AEA) and an artificial immune system (AIS). The task of these agents is to reduce the size of the database without losing its information content. Also, predictive agents based on AIS and AEA have been developed, which solve the problem of classifying the condition of equipment based on information obtained after data reduction and predict equipment wear. Experiments were carried out on real industrial data of the oil refinery TengizChevroil LLC. The modeling results showed the prospects of using this approach. The following values of the AUC (Area Under ROC Curve) metric were obtained from 0.86 to 0.90, the throughput of the multi-agent system is 1,000 tasks per second, the prediction time is 1 ms, and the fault tolerance is 100%.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>промышленный искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>диагностика оборудования</kwd><kwd>мультиагентная система</kwd><kwd>нейроиммунноэндокринное взаимодействие</kwd><kwd>нефтеперерабатывающее производство</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>industrial artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>equipment diagnostics</kwd><kwd>multi-agent system</kwd><kwd>neuroimmuneendocrine interaction</kwd><kwd>oil refining</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследования проводятся по гранту ГФ КН МНВО РК, ИРН №AP23486386 на тему «Разработка интеллектуальной технологии самосборки унифицированной искусственной иммунной системы для управления сложными объектами промышленной автоматизации с использованием нейроэндокринной системы» (2024–2026 гг).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng, C., Yang, B., Xiao, Q. Hierarchical Coordinated Predictive Control of Multiagent Systems for Process Industries. Applied Sciences, 14 (14), 6025 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng, C., Yang, B., Xiao, Q. Hierarchical Coordinated Predictive Control of Multiagent Systems for Process Industries. Applied Sciences, 14 (14), 6025 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang, Y., Yang, Y.H., Wu, L.B. Fuzzy Adaptive Event-triggered Control of Multi-agent Systems With Command Filter. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, 23 (1), 175–186 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/S12555-024-0634-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang, Y., Yang, Y.H., Wu, L.B. Fuzzy Adaptive Event-triggered Control of Multi-agent Systems With Command Filter. International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems, 23 (1), 175–186 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/S12555-024-0634-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu, Y., Wu, X., Long, J., Wang, W. Event-Triggered Distributed Adaptive Leaderless Consensus of Uncertain Heterogenous Nonlinear Multi-Agent Systems. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 71 (5), 2694–2698 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2023.3348763.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu, Y., Wu, X., Long, J., Wang, W. Event-Triggered Distributed Adaptive Leaderless Consensus of Uncertain Heterogenous Nonlinear Multi-Agent Systems. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 71 (5), 2694–2698 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2023.3348763.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xing, X., Hu, G. Distributed Fault-Tolerant Control of Uncertain Multi-Agent Systems with Connectivity Maintenance. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, 37 (1), 40–62 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/S11424-024-3436-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xing, X., Hu, G. Distributed Fault-Tolerant Control of Uncertain Multi-Agent Systems with Connectivity Maintenance. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, 37 (1), 40–62 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/S11424-024-3436-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kossek, M., Stefanovic, M. Survey of Recent Results in Privacy-Preserving Mechanisms for MultiAgent Systems. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, 110 (3), 1–27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/S10846-024-02161-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kossek, M., Stefanovic, M. Survey of Recent Results in Privacy-Preserving Mechanisms for MultiAgent Systems. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, 110 (3), 1–27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/S10846-024-02161-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinogradova, E. Software of the “Alice” Type for the Multi-Agent System of Monitoring the Problems of the Development of the Car Service Industry. Proceedings of MLSD 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/MLSD58227.2023.10303859.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinogradova, E. Software of the “Alice” Type for the Multi-Agent System of Monitoring the Problems of the Development of the Car Service Industry. Proceedings of MLSD 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/MLSD58227.2023.10303859.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang, J., Su, X., Huang, Y., Lai, H., Qian, W., Zhang, S. CLinear: An Interpretable Deep Time-Series Forecasting Model for Periodic Time Series. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 12 (11), 17364–17376 (2025). https://doi.org/ 10.1109/JIOT.2025.3536460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang, J., Su, X., Huang, Y., Lai, H., Qian, W., Zhang, S. CLinear: An Interpretable Deep Time-Series Forecasting Model for Periodic Time Series. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 12 (11), 17364–17376 (2025). https://doi.org/ 10.1109/JIOT.2025.3536460.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hinson, J.P., Raven, P., Chew, S.L., Hughes, S.H. The Endocrine System. 3rd ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 2022 (Systems of the Body Series).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hinson, J.P., Raven, P., Chew, S.L., Hughes, S.H. The Endocrine System. 3rd ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 2022 (Systems of the Body Series).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sompayrac, L.M. How the Immune System Works. 7th ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2022. 176 p. ISBN 978-1-119-89068-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sompayrac, L.M. How the Immune System Works. 7th ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2022. 176 p. ISBN 978-1-119-89068-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dettmer, P. Immune. New York: Penguin Random House, 2021. 341 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dettmer, P. Immune. New York: Penguin Random House, 2021. 341 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paradise, C.J., Campbell, A.M. Organismal Homeostasis, 2016. 100 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paradise, C.J., Campbell, A.M. Organismal Homeostasis, 2016. 100 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdelhadi, A., Kadri, O.A New Operator that Combines Artificial Immune Systems and Multi-Agent Systems for Addressing Flow Shop Scheduling Problems. Brazilian Journal of Technology, 7 (4) (2024). https://doi.org/10.38152/bjtv7n4-048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdelhadi, A., Kadri, O.A New Operator that Combines Artificial Immune Systems and Multi-Agent Systems for Addressing Flow Shop Scheduling Problems. Brazilian Journal of Technology, 7 (4) (2024). https://doi.org/10.38152/bjtv7n4-048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pulikottil, T., Martinez-Arellano, G., Barata, J. Immune System Inspired Smart Maintenance Framework: Tool Wear Monitoring Use Case. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 132 (9–10), 1–23 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13472-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pulikottil, T., Martinez-Arellano, G., Barata, J. Immune System Inspired Smart Maintenance Framework: Tool Wear Monitoring Use Case. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 132 (9–10), 1–23 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13472-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Chia-Nan, Nguyen Tram Thi Mai. Integrated artificial immune system and Taguchi approach for production scheduling in the garment industry. Production Planning and Control, 31 (2), 97–107 (2024). https://doi.org/10.23055/ijietap.2024.31.2.9747.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Chia-Nan, Nguyen Tram Thi Mai. Integrated artificial immune system and Taguchi approach for production scheduling in the garment industry. Production Planning and Control, 31 (2), 97–107 (2024). https://doi.org/10.23055/ijietap.2024.31.2.9747.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinto Rui, Gonçalves Gil. Application of artificial immune systems in advanced manufacturing. Array, 16, art. 100238 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2022.100238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinto Rui, Gonçalves Gil. Application of artificial immune systems in advanced manufacturing. Array, 16, art. 100238 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2022.100238.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terziyan Vagan, Vitko Oleksandra. Taxonomy-informed neural networks for smart manufacturing. Procedia Computer Science, 232, 1388–1399 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terziyan Vagan, Vitko Oleksandra. Taxonomy-informed neural networks for smart manufacturing. Procedia Computer Science, 232, 1388–1399 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma Priynka, Gounder Maanvik, Kumar Kaushik. Mastering feature engineering: unlocking the art of data transformation for enhanced predictive modeling with neural networks. Data Science and Applications, pp. 451–464 (June 2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1188-1_33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma Priynka, Gounder Maanvik, Kumar Kaushik. Mastering feature engineering: unlocking the art of data transformation for enhanced predictive modeling with neural networks. Data Science and Applications, pp. 451–464 (June 2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1188-1_33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haomachai, W., Teerakittikul, P. An Artificial Hormone System for Adaptable Locomotion in a Sea Turtle-Inspired Robot. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Control and Robotics Engineering (ICCRE). IEEE, 2019, pp. 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCRE.2019.8724369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haomachai, W., Teerakittikul, P. An Artificial Hormone System for Adaptable Locomotion in a Sea Turtle-Inspired Robot. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Control and Robotics Engineering (ICCRE). IEEE, 2019, pp. 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCRE.2019.8724369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samigulina, G.A., Samigulina, Z.I. Development of intelligent technology for complex objects control based on a unified artificial immune system and principles of immunological homeostasis for industrial automation using modern microprocessor equipment: monograph. Yelm, WA, USA: Science Book Publishing House, 2023. 196 p. ISBN 978-1-62174-150-3. SAN 920-3230.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samigulina, G.A., Samigulina, Z.I. Development of intelligent technology for complex objects control based on a unified artificial immune system and principles of immunological homeostasis for industrial automation using modern microprocessor equipment: monograph. Yelm, WA, USA: Science Book Publishing House, 2023. 196 p. ISBN 978-1-62174-150-3. SAN 920-3230.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samigulina, G., Samigulina, Z. Diagnostics of industrial equipment and faults prediction based on modified algorithms of artificial immune systems. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 33 (1), 1–18 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-020-01732-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samigulina, G., Samigulina, Z. Diagnostics of industrial equipment and faults prediction based on modified algorithms of artificial immune systems. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 33 (1), 1–18 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-020-01732-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu, H., Liu, X., Huang, K., Huang, K., Guo, D. Embodied Multi-agent System. Embodied MultiAgent Systems (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5871-8_2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu, H., Liu, X., Huang, K., Huang, K., Guo, D. Embodied Multi-agent System. Embodied MultiAgent Systems (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5871-8_2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qian, W., Wan, L., Shu, W. Semisupervised feature selection based on discernibility matrix and mutual information. Applied Intelligence, 54 (13–14), 7278–7295 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-024-05481-3. sciencedirect.com+8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qian, W., Wan, L., Shu, W. Semisupervised feature selection based on discernibility matrix and mutual information. Applied Intelligence, 54 (13–14), 7278–7295 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-024-05481-3. sciencedirect.com+8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">SalmerónGómez, R., GarcíaGarcía, C. B., GarcíaPérez, J. A Redefined Variance Inflation Factor: Overcoming the Limitations of the Variance Inflation Factor. Computational Economics, 65 (1), 337–363 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-024-10575-8. arxiv.org+9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">SalmerónGómez, R., GarcíaGarcía, C. B., GarcíaPérez, J. A Redefined Variance Inflation Factor: Overcoming the Limitations of the Variance Inflation Factor. Computational Economics, 65 (1), 337–363 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-024-10575-8. arxiv.org+9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A.S. №56573. INTELLECTUAL MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM FOR SMART MANUFACTURING – MASBio. G.A. Samigulina, Z.I. Samigulina, D.D. Bekeshev; opubl.05.04.2025. https://qazpatent.kz/ru.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.S. №56573. INTELLECTUAL MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM FOR SMART MANUFACTURING – MASBio. G.A. Samigulina, Z.I. Samigulina, D.D. Bekeshev; opubl.05.04.2025. https://qazpatent.kz/ru.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
